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citation_styles.md

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1# Citation Styles Reference
2
3Reviewed 2026-09-30. This is a formatting aid; all sample author/title/page combinations below are illustrative, not verified references. Replace placeholders and use a current CSL style plus the target venue instructions for final output. The DOI-checking script verifies registration/metadata, not style compliance.
4

Citation Styles Reference

Reviewed 2026-09-30. This is a formatting aid; all sample author/title/page combinations below are illustrative, not verified references. Replace placeholders and use a current CSL style plus the target venue instructions for final output. The DOI-checking script verifies registration/metadata, not style compliance.

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5## APA Style (7th Edition)
6

APA Style (7th Edition)

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7### Journal Articles
8
9**Format**: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. *Title of Periodical*, *volume*(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
11**Example**: Smith, J. D., Johnson, M. L., & Williams, K. R. (2023). Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. *Nature Reviews Drug Discovery*, *22*(4), 301-318. [DOI URL]

Journal Articles

Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Example: Smith, J. D., Johnson, M. L., & Williams, K. R. (2023). Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 22(4), 301-318. [DOI URL]

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13### Books
15**Format**: Author, A. A. (Year). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle*. Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxx
17**Example**: Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2021). *Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease* (10th ed.). Elsevier.

Books

Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxx

Example: Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2021). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (10th ed.). Elsevier.

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19### Book Chapters
21**Format**: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), *Title of book* (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.
23**Example**: Brown, P. O., & Botstein, D. (2020). Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. In M. B. Eisen & P. O. Brown (Eds.), *DNA microarrays: A molecular cloning manual* (pp. 1-45). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Book Chapters

Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

Example: Brown, P. O., & Botstein, D. (2020). Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. In M. B. Eisen & P. O. Brown (Eds.), DNA microarrays: A molecular cloning manual (pp. 1-45). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

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25### Preprints
27**Format**: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of preprint. *Repository Name*. https://doi.org/xxxx
29**Example**: Zhang, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, H. (2024). Novel therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. *bioRxiv*. [preprint DOI URL]

Preprints

Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of preprint. Repository Name. https://doi.org/xxxx

Example: Zhang, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, H. (2024). Novel therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. bioRxiv. [preprint DOI URL]

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31### Conference Papers
33**Format**: Author, A. A. (Year, Month day-day). Title of paper. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), *Title of conference proceedings* (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx
35---

Conference Papers

Format: Author, A. A. (Year, Month day-day). Title of paper. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of conference proceedings (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

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37## Nature Style

Nature Style

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39### Journal Articles
41**Format**: Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. Title of article. *J. Name* **volume**, page range (year).
43**Example**: Smith, J. D., Johnson, M. L. & Williams, K. R. Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. *Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.* **22**, 301-318 (2023).

Journal Articles

Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. Title of article. J. Name volume, page range (year).

Example: Smith, J. D., Johnson, M. L. & Williams, K. R. Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 22, 301-318 (2023).

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45### Books
47**Format**: Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. *Book Title* (Publisher, Year).
49**Example**: Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K. & Aster, J. C. *Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease* 10th edn (Elsevier, 2021).

Books

Format: Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. Book Title (Publisher, Year).

Example: Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K. & Aster, J. C. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 10th edn (Elsevier, 2021).

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51### Multiple Authors
53- Nature reference lists: list all authors through five; above five use the first author followed by "et al.". Other Nature Portfolio journals may differ; check the actual journal instructions.
55**Example**: Zhang, Y. et al. Novel therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. *bioRxiv* [preprint DOI URL] (2024).
57---

Multiple Authors

  • Nature reference lists: list all authors through five; above five use the first author followed by "et al.". Other Nature Portfolio journals may differ; check the actual journal instructions.

Example: Zhang, Y. et al. Novel therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. bioRxiv [preprint DOI URL] (2024).

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59## Chicago Style (18th Edition, Author-Date)

Chicago Style (18th Edition, Author-Date)

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61### Journal Articles
63**Format**: Author, First Name Middle Initial. Year. "Article Title." *Journal Title* volume, no. issue (Month): page range. https://doi.org/xxxx.
65**Example**: Smith, John D., Mary L. Johnson, and Karen R. Williams. 2023. "Machine Learning Approaches in Drug Discovery." *Nature Reviews Drug Discovery* 22, no. 4 (April): 301-318. [DOI URL].
67Reference lists include up to six authors; above six list the first three plus et al. Three or more authors use first author plus et al. in text. Current Chicago no longer requires a book publication place.

Journal Articles

Format: Author, First Name Middle Initial. Year. "Article Title." Journal Title volume, no. issue (Month): page range. https://doi.org/xxxx.

Example: Smith, John D., Mary L. Johnson, and Karen R. Williams. 2023. "Machine Learning Approaches in Drug Discovery." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 22, no. 4 (April): 301-318. [DOI URL].

Reference lists include up to six authors; above six list the first three plus et al. Three or more authors use first author plus et al. in text. Current Chicago no longer requires a book publication place.

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69### Books
71**Format**: Author, First Name Middle Initial. Year. *Book Title: Subtitle*. Edition. Publisher.
73**Example**: Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, and Jon C. Aster. 2021. *Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease*. 10th ed. Elsevier.
75---

Books

Format: Author, First Name Middle Initial. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher.

Example: Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, and Jon C. Aster. 2021. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Elsevier.

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77## Vancouver Style (Numbered)

Vancouver Style (Numbered)

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79### Journal Articles
81**Format**: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Name. Year;volume(issue):page range.
83**Example**: Smith JD, Johnson ML, Williams KR. Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22(4):301-18.

Journal Articles

Format: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Name. Year;volume(issue):page range.

Example: Smith JD, Johnson ML, Williams KR. Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22(4):301-18.

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85### Books
87**Format**: Author AA, Author BB. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher; Year.
89**Example**: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021.

Books

Format: Author AA, Author BB. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher; Year.

Example: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021.

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91### Citation in Text
93Use superscript numbers in order of appearance: "Recent studies^1,2^ have shown..."
95---

Citation in Text

Use superscript numbers in order of appearance: "Recent studies^1,2^ have shown..."

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97## IEEE Style

IEEE Style

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99### Journal Articles
101**Format**: [#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, "Title of article," *Abbreviated Journal Name*, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Month Year.
103**Example**: [1] J. D. Smith, M. L. Johnson, and K. R. Williams, "Machine learning approaches in drug discovery," *Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.*, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 301-318, Apr. 2023.

Journal Articles

Format: [#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, "Title of article," Abbreviated Journal Name, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Month Year.

Example: [1] J. D. Smith, M. L. Johnson, and K. R. Williams, "Machine learning approaches in drug discovery," Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 301-318, Apr. 2023.

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105### Books
107**Format**: [#] A. A. Author, *Title of Book*, xth ed. City, State: Publisher, Year.
109**Example**: [2] V. Kumar, A. K. Abbas, and J. C. Aster, *Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease*, 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2021.
111---

Books

Format: [#] A. A. Author, Title of Book, xth ed. City, State: Publisher, Year.

Example: [2] V. Kumar, A. K. Abbas, and J. C. Aster, Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2021.

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113## Common Abbreviations for Journal Names
115- Nature: Nature (single-word journal titles are not shortened)
116- Science: Science
117- Cell: Cell
118- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery: Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.
119- Journal of the American Chemical Society: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
120- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
121- PLOS ONE: PLoS ONE
122- Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics
123- Nucleic Acids Research: Nucleic Acids Res.
125---

Common Abbreviations for Journal Names

  • Nature: Nature (single-word journal titles are not shortened)
  • Science: Science
  • Cell: Cell
  • Nature Reviews Drug Discovery: Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  • PLOS ONE: PLoS ONE
  • Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics
  • Nucleic Acids Research: Nucleic Acids Res.
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127## DOI Best Practices
1291. **Always verify DOIs**: Use the verify_citations.py script to check all DOIs
1302. **Format as URLs**: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/yyyy (preferred over doi:10.xxxx/yyyy)
1313. **Separate punctuation from identifiers**: APA omits a final period after a DOI URL; other styles may differ. Do not copy prose punctuation into the identifier
1324. **Resolve redirects**: Check that DOIs resolve to the correct article
134---

DOI Best Practices

  1. Always verify DOIs: Use the verify_citations.py script to check all DOIs
  2. Format as URLs: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/yyyy (preferred over doi:10.xxxx/yyyy)
  3. Separate punctuation from identifiers: APA omits a final period after a DOI URL; other styles may differ. Do not copy prose punctuation into the identifier
  4. Resolve redirects: Check that DOIs resolve to the correct article
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136## In-Text Citation Guidelines

In-Text Citation Guidelines

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138### APA Style
139- (Smith et al., 2023)
140- Smith et al. (2023) demonstrated...
141- Multiple citations: (Brown, 2022; Smith et al., 2023; Zhang, 2024)

APA Style

  • (Smith et al., 2023)
  • Smith et al. (2023) demonstrated...
  • Multiple citations: (Brown, 2022; Smith et al., 2023; Zhang, 2024)
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143### Nature Style
144- Superscript numbers: Recent studies^1,2^ have shown...
145- Or: Recent studies (refs 1,2) have shown...

Nature Style

  • Superscript numbers: Recent studies^1,2^ have shown...
  • Or: Recent studies (refs 1,2) have shown...
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147### Chicago Style
148- (Smith et al. 2023) for three or more authors
149- Smith et al. (2023) found...
151---

Chicago Style

  • (Smith et al. 2023) for three or more authors
  • Smith et al. (2023) found...
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153## Reference List Organization

Reference List Organization

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155### By Citation Style
156- **APA, Chicago**: Alphabetical by first author's last name
157- **Nature, Vancouver, IEEE**: Numerical order of first appearance in text

By Citation Style

  • APA, Chicago: Alphabetical by first author's last name
  • Nature, Vancouver, IEEE: Numerical order of first appearance in text
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159### Hanging Indents
160Most styles use hanging indents where the first line is flush left and subsequent lines are indented.

Hanging Indents

Most styles use hanging indents where the first line is flush left and subsequent lines are indented.

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162### Consistency
163Maintain consistent formatting throughout:
164- Capitalization (title case vs. sentence case)
165- Journal name abbreviations
166- DOI presentation
167- Author name format

Consistency

Maintain consistent formatting throughout:

  • Capitalization (title case vs. sentence case)
  • Journal name abbreviations
  • DOI presentation
  • Author name format
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170## Authoritative style resources
172- [APA reference examples](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples) and [reference guide](https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf).
173- [Nature formatting guide](https://www.nature.com/nature/for-authors/formatting-guide).
174- [Chicago author-date examples](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html).
175- [NLM Citing Medicine](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/); numbered citation punctuation and author truncation can be journal-specific.
176- [IEEE reference guide](https://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/IEEE-Reference-Guide.pdf). Its full current text was not retrievable during this refresh; the IEEE examples above remain illustrative and require venue verification.
177- [Pandoc citation processing](https://pandoc.org/MANUAL.html#citations); a local CSL file and complete bibliography are required for the selected nondefault style.

Authoritative style resources

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